Brick work in foundation

Brick work in foundation is done to transfer the load of super structure to the ground. The width of the brick work in foundation is taken according to the load coming on it. The load of super structure is divided into various steps of brick works in foundation below plinth level. Care may be taken that all steps should accommodate in the ground. The foundation should be made according to the drawing and design. Brick work above plinth level is called brick work in super structure. Brick work in super structure transfer the load of RCC beam and slabs to the foundation of the walls. Doors, windows and ventilators are accommodated in this part of brick work. This part of the building is used to divide the space into required room etc. Outer walls may be used for ornamental design of the building.

Mixing ratio to make 1 yard of concrete

To produce a 3000 psi cubic yard of concrete (27 cubic feet) the concrete mixture ratio 1. 517 pounds of cement 2. 1560 pounds of sand 3. 1600 pounds of stone 4. 32 - 34 gallons of water This mixing ratio will give you a concrete mix that is strong, durable, and good for most concrete projects. A cubic yard of concrete will fill an area 8 feet wide by 10 feet long by 4 inches thick, or 80 square feet @ 4 inches thick. At 6 inches thick a cubic yard of concrete will fill an area 52 square feet and at 5 inches thick, it will fill an area that's 65 square feet. To produce a cubic yard of 4000 psi concrete, you have to adjust the concrete mixing ratio to: 1. 611 pounds of cement 2. 1450 pounds of sand 3. 1600 pounds of stone 4. 33- 35 gallons of water As you can see a little more cement and a little less sand is required to produce this stronger concrete mix that is great for driveways, pooldecks, sidewalks, exterior patios, and commercial garages. Knowing the weight of the materials and how much water to use should help you determine how much cement, sand, and stone to purchase to complete your project. For estimating purposes, you can make about 1 cubic yard of concrete with 5 1/2 94-pound bags of cement, 17 cubic feet of sand, and 18 cubic feet of gravel. (It takes about forty 80-pound bags of prepackaged materials to make 1 cubic yard of concrete.) If you need less than 1 cubic yard of concrete (or if ready-mix is not available) you can mix your own on site either by hand or using a concrete mixer. To make smaller batches of concrete, use the same proportions, but with smaller quantities, substituting buckets for cubic feet. (For the mix proportions given previously, you'd use 1 bucket of cement, 3 buckets of sand, 3 buckets of stone, and 1/2 bucket of water.) For any batch size, the most important thing is to keep the proportions of the ingredients the same. You can double or triple the batch size simply by doubling or tripling the number of buckets of each ingredient you add to the mix. For very small projects, such as setting a mailbox post or doing repairs, you may want to purchase a packaged concrete mix. Such a mix combines cement, sand, and gravel in the correct mixing ratios and requires only the addition of water to create fresh concrete. These concrete mixture ratios are designed for the concrete to reach full strength at or around 28 days. Curing the concrete can be done by keeping it wet after the first day until the concrete is 7 days old. This is an important step to take for the concrete to achieve full strength by 28 days.

functions of different components of paint

For normal paint application, there are mainly three main components of paint, namely primer, undercoat and finishing coat. Primer: This is the first layer of a typical painting system and it is used to inhabit corrosion and provide a good bond for subsequent coats. Undercoat: This component acts as a barrier to corrosion agents and even out irregularities of bonding surface. It also serves to hide the underlying background and prevent the details and colour of the area of application to affect the designed colour and finishing details of paint. Finishing coat: This is the final layer of a typical painting system and it protects the underlying layers from the effect of adverse weather conditions (e.g. sunlight) and to provide the designed properties of paint like colour, impermeability, wearing resistance, etc.

Things Site Engineers Must Know About Reinforcement and Steel Bars

*Minimum thickness of slab is 125 mm. *Water absorption should not be more than 15 %. *Dimension tolerance for cubes + – 2 mm. *Compressive strength of Bricks is 3.5 N /mm2 *Maximum Free fall of concrete allowed is 1.50 m. *In soil filling as per IS code for every 100 sqm 3 sample for core cutting test should be taken. *Electrical conduits shall not run in column *Earth work excavation for basement above 3 m should be stepped form *Any back filling shall be compacted 95% of dry density at the optimum moisture content and in layers not more than 200mm for filling above structure and 300 mm for no structure * soling is specified the soling stones shall be laid at 45° to 60° inclination (and not vertical) with interstices filled with sand or moorum. *A set of cube tests shall be carried out for each 30 cum of concrete / each levels of casting / each batch of cement. *Water cement ratio for different grades of concrete shall not exceed 0.45 for M20 and above and 0.50 For M10 / M15 contractor *For concrete grades M20 and above approved admixture shall be used as per mix design requirements. *Cement shall be stored in dry places on a raised platform about 200mm above floor level and 300mm away from walls. Bags to be stacked not more than 10 bags high in such a manner that it is adequately protected from moisture and contamination. *Samples from fresh concrete shall be taken and at least a set of 6 cubes of 150mm shall be prepared and cured. 3 Cubes each at 7 days and 28 days shall be tested for compressive strength. The test results should be submitted to engineer for approval. If results are unsatisfactory necessary action/rectification/remedial measures has to be exercised. *Water used for both mixing and curing shall be clean and free from injurious amounts of oils, acids, alkalies, salts, sugar and organic materials or other substances that may be deleterious to concrete or steel. The ph shall be generally between 6 and 8. Cement shall be tested for its setting. 1. The initial setting time shall not be less than 30 minutes. 2. The final setting time shall not be more than 10 hours. Slump IS 456 Lightly reinforced 25 – 75 mm Heavily reinforced 75 – 100 mm Trench fill (insitu & Tremie) 100 – 150 mm (For Tremie no need of vibrator) Curing Days Required Super Sulphate cement : 7 days Ordinary Portland cement OPC : 10 days Minerals and Admixture added cement : 14 days Cube Samples 1 – 5 M3 : 1 No. 6 – 15 M3 : 2 No’s 16 – 30 M3 : 3 No’s 31 – 50 M3 : 4 No’s Above 50 M3 : 4 + 1 No of addition sample for each 50 M3.

Tricks of the Trade & Rules of Thumb for Basic Math:

1.Convert feet, inches and fractions of an inch to decimal feet to easily add, subtract and multiply. 2.When converting units, always write the units and cancel them as you proceed through the conversion. 3.Use sine, cosine and tangent to determine angles and side lengths in right triangles (useful trigonometry).

What are 3 Useful Trigonometry Concepts?

When most people hear "Trigonometry", they they assume it's something they could never understand nor use. I've actually never had a course on trigonometry, so I'm no expert, but I learned three really useful things on my own. Sine, Cosine and Tangent help me solve all sorts of problems. If I'm actively involved in building anything, I'm using these few simple formulas. The figure below explains the concepts and gives some examples.

How do I Know When to Fold-'em in Texas Hold-'em?

You don't really need to know anything about Probability and Statistics for construction (at least I don't think you do). So why do I include the US Navy Probability and Statistics courses? It's cool stuff to know. Understanding basic probability theory helps you understand life. To have a basic grasp of how random events happen will allow you to better assess risks and rewards. And it helps your poker game! You can check out some teaching about probability at the US Navy Pre-Calculus and Probability course. Statistics, on the other hand, is the math that helps you understand large bunches of information. We use statistics to help us make informed decisions. A construction company, as an example, may be concerned with improving productivity for its trades people. As various bits of information is analyzed, perhaps they find that the absenteeism on Fridays is significantly higher than any other day. Statistics can be used to help understand how much of that absenteeism is just random or if it's a significant finding. Say the statistics indicate a substantially higher absenteeism on Fridays, then the company looks for causes. The employees get their paychecks on Thursday afternoons. So now there is a management choice to be made. Many construction companies use quality improvement programs that utilize statistics. If a company wants to improve results, they must understand what's really going on in their day to day processes. To understand how processes are truly working, we need to measure things, then try to figure out what is significant. Statistics help us understand what is really going on. Some good teaching on statistics can be found in the US Navy Introduction to Statistics course.